| SKILLS | Novice | Intermediate | Expert |
| 1. Topic Selection | picks "hot" topics (popular, but not necessarily substantial or related to personal experience) | has some personal interest in the topic: interest comes from prior reading, viewing television, etc.; Has limited personal experience related to the topic. | Has strong need for information (e.g. topic is related to a problem to solve or a decision to make): has one or more meaningful personal experiences related to the topic. |
| 2. Creation of Research Questions | created obvious who? what? when? where? questions that only require factual responses. | creates questions that go beyond factual (e.g. why? how?): questions tend too reflect middle level of Blom's Taxonomy -- analysis and application. | Creates questions reflecting the upper level of Bloom's Taxonomy with an emphasis on evaluation. |
| 3. Determination of Focus | selects unrelated questions and/or questions that only require factual responses. | selects questions needing more than factual responses but the relationships among the questions need greater articulation. | selects 3-5 interrelated questions; communicates a clear, in-depth focus. |